John Donne, Andrew Marvell and William Shakespeare Essay Example

John Donne, Andrew Marvell and William Shakespeare Essay Example John Donne, Andrew Marvell and William Shakespeare Paper John Donne, Andrew Marvell and William Shakespeare Paper Essay Topic: Death and the Maiden Poetry The poets John Donne, Andrew Marvell and William Shakespeare all use numerous different devices to seduce their audiences. Some of the techniques employed are similar between the poets, but there are also differences. The poem The Flea is a metaphysical poem, using metaphysical conceit to persuade the audience. In the poem the flea could be understood as an extended metaphor for virginity, how little that which thou deniest me The poet could be likening the fleas size to the importance of her virginity, in order to convince his audience that the loss of virginity is not a big deal. Donne tells his audience that in this flea our too bloods mingled be. And that this cannot be said a sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead. The poet could be suggesting that his audience cant say that what the flea has done is a sin, and she has now lost her virginity, so her loosing her virginity to him would also not be a sin. There is also mention of Pamperd swells with one blood made of two, which could be a suggestion of a child. A child is born from two parents or is one blood made of two. The poet says that the flea is doing. More than we would do. The poet is trying to say the flea has already joined them together, but it is an act which they should partake in. Donne says to spare the flea because three lives in one flea spare. He could be saying that by sparing the flea he is saving his life his audiences life and the fleas life, as their blood has been muddled together in the flea. He claims that they more than married are and the flea is their marriage bed, and marriage temple. Donne is saying that because they are both in the flea that they are beyond married, they are intertwined. The poet could be trying to flatter his audience, by saying that they are beyond marriage, suggesting a very deep connection between the two. Donne trys to make their relationship seem of a metaphysical nature as their parents grudge, and you, were met, and cloisterd in these living walls of jet He could be telling his audience that, although there are all these things hindering their relationship, such as parents grudging against their romance or her unwillingness to make love to him, they are nevertheless, united inside the walls of the flea. He asks her, although she is apt to kill me, do not kill yourself let not self murder added be. And sacrilege, three sins in killing three, he is repeating himself telling her not to kill the flea as it is killing him, her and the flea its self. This repetition may be used to convince her that it is the case. The poet calls his lover cruel and sudden because he has purpled thy nail in blood of innocence and killed the flea. His lover says findst not thyself nor me the weaker now, neither of them are have lost honour by killing the flea. Donne agrees and argues just so much honour, when thou yieldst to me, will waste, as this fleas death took life from thee. Donne is summarising the argument of the whole poem, saying that she will loose as much honour form sleeping with him as she did when she killed the flea. Throughout the poem Donne uses the flea as an extended metaphor for the virginity of his lover, in size and importance. Similarly in To his Coy Mistress, Andrew Marvell all so employs the technique of metaphysical conceit. Marvell is trying to persuade a lover to sleep with him. If Had we but world enough and time, this coyness lady would be no crime. The poet is suggesting that if we had all the time in the world, his lovers unwillingness would not frustrate him so. He may be trying to win over his lover, buy suggesting she has done no wrong. He trys to flatter her by saying they would sit down and think which way to walk, and pass our long love days He tells her she is the Indian Ganges side shouldst rubies find and that he is the Humber. This could be another form of flatter, and he is telling her that she is as exotic and exciting as the river Ganges, and compared to her, he is antithesis, the uninteresting Humber. He tells her he would Love you ten years before the flood. This could be referring to Noahs ark, this may be him trying to demonstrate his intelligence, because of his knowledge of the bible, he could also be saying that he would lover her forever, or at least a very long time. He tells her she should, if you please, refuse till the conversion of the Jews which in bible is the end of time. He is again showing his intelligence to his lover, and is also saying how everlasting his love is. Marvell flatters his lover by saying a hundred years should go to praise thine eyes and two hundred to adore each breast and an age at least to every part. The poet describes vast amounts of time, because he knows that their time is not everlasting. Marvell dignifies his previous statements with for, lady, you deserve this state, nor would I ever love at a lower rate he is saying to her that he could never lover her any less and she only deserves the highest amount of love. By using the word lady he makes all his statements sound more dignified and proper. In the second stanza Marvell explains why he cannot do all those things he said in the first stanza. I always hear, times winged chariot hurrying near he tells his lover that death is drawing near, and they are running out of time. Marvell may have personified time to make it sound more real, or so it would connect more with his lover. The theme of a chariot comes from roman and Greek mythology, which again shows Marvells intelligence. He says to his lover that when she is dead her beauty shall no more be found. He could be suggesting that she should not waste her beauty when she is alive. He also tells her nor, in thy marble vault, shall sound my echoing song. He says that when she is dead he will not be able to hear his flattery anymore. Marvell is could be using the image of death to scare his lover into have a sexual relationship with her. Marvell then frightens her further by suggesting that worms shall try that long preservd virginity, when a person in buried, worms decapitate the corpse, Marvell is likening this to losing her virginity, and say what is the point in keeping it, if when you die worms will take it? There is also a hint of sarcasm in that statement, as if Marvell was trying to convince his lover that a long preservd virginity was a silly idea. He tells her your quaint honour will turn to dust, and into ashes all my lust. He is frightening his audience but implying that her honour will be taken anyway, and why waste all his lusting after her. Also the word quaint has modern day connotations of a vulgar term for the female genitalia, so that statement is a play on words. He also tells her that the graves a fine and private place, but none I think do there embrace. He scares her by saying that there is no love in the grave, and if you want the love from him take it now. In the third Stanza Marvell explains why she should give her virginity up now. Now, therefore while the youthful hue sits on the skin Marvell is telling her to do it now, buy using the word now at the beginning of the stanza and throughout it, he also is telling her to do it now while they are both still young and beautiful. let us sport while we may, and now like amrous birds of prey He tells her that they should do it while they are still physically fit and that if she does her experience will be wild as birds of prey . Marvell is now trying convince his lover with wondrous promises and the logic that they should do it while they are still physically able. Let us roll up all our strength and all our sweetness into one ball. Spheres represent a continuous connection and perfect unity. And tear our pleasures with rough strife through the iron gates of life the rough strife refers to the sexual act and the gates of life are representative of the female genitalia. This is an example of the Carpe Diem ideal, which was popular at the time the poem was written. Carpe Diem means to seize the day or harvest the day, by doing what you want as life is too short to miss opportunities. In the context of To His coy mistress, this meant for his lover to succumb to his seduction. To end the poem Marvell moves away from talk referring to sex. Thus, though we cannot make our son stand still, yet we will make him run. He is telling his lover that though he cannot stop time, they will be preserved in time with they have sex. This poem is a carpe diem poem, which means to seize the day. Marvell wants his lover to seize the day and not wait any longer to have sex with him. Conversely to The flea and To his Coy Mistress, Sonnet 130 by William Shakespeare does not try to flatter to his lover but says you are not perfect but I love you just as much or more than the poets that say their lovers are perfect. My mistress eyes are nothing like the sun Shakespeare is already in a relationship with this woman, and he is concentrating on her physical features, which fall short of the fashionable beauty at the time. If snow be white then her breasts are dun she may be black or have dark skin, which was unusual at the time. Shakespeares sonnet 130 relies heavily on highlighting his lovers imperfections. By doing this Shakespeare conveys to his audience that his love is far more than physical. If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head this supports the idea his lover is black, it is also the antithesis of the stereotyped maiden, with long soft blonde hair. I love to hear her speak yet well I know that music hath a far more pleasing sound, Shakespeare is realistic in his description of his mistress, and shows he appreciates her, but does not lie. The poet describes his lovers breath with words such as reek, which have negative connotations. Satirical comments like this are employed throughout the poem, and are a deliberate contrast with the other poetry fashionable at the time. My mistress when she walks treads on the ground and yet by heaven I think my love as rare as any she belied with false compare He is telling her he loves her just as much as a woman who has been lied to or flattered about their looks. These last lines are meant to demonstrate Shakespeares love for his mistress and to squander any doubts that had aroused in his lover from the pervious comments. In this poem Shakespeares sonnet 130 contrasts with conventional poetry and breaks all the rules, he explains that she has faults but he loves her because of or in spite of them. The language he uses suggests honesty and persuades his audience to believe what he says. From an overall perspective it is apparent that flattery was the most popular form of persuasion at the time, however Sonnet 130 demonstrates how alternative devices such as honesty and satyr can be used to the same effect.

Free sample - Childrens Health. translation missing

Childrens Health. Children's HealthAccording to the auther the reason of this study is because of the emerging potential toxity in humans. The investigation done is on how urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolities is related to childrens intellectual functioning. He has taken a comprehensive study of elementary children in five cities in south Korea by taking a cross-section examination on   the urine phthalate concentrations on both the children and their mothers.   The findings show that they measured  Ã‚   â€Å"mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) and mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP)† which are metabolies of â€Å" di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), and mono-nbutyl phthalate (MBP), a metabolite of dibutyl phthalate (DBP)† in the urine .   â€Å"The geometricmean (ln) concentrations of MEHP, MEOHP, and MBP were 21.3 ÃŽ ¼g/L [geometric SD (GSD) = 2.2 ÃŽ ¼g/L; range, 0.5-445.4], 18.0 ÃŽ ¼g/L (GSD = 2.4; range, 0.07-291.1), and 48.9 ÃŽ ¼g/L (GSD = 2.2; range, 2.1- 1645.5), respectively†. The chronological results show that the full scale IQ and verbal IQ were nagatively associated with DEHP but not   WITH DBP metabolities. The results of this finding   are very comprehensive as thay also show that there is a negative relationship between trhe children vocabulary use and the concentration of the urine. After an extensive marternal IQ controll the findings shw that a large inverse relationship between DEHP metabolities and the use of vocabulary also remained. There is a difference between boys and girls as boys show a negative association between increasing MEHP phthalate concentrations and the total sum of DEHP metabolite concentrations while girls   shown   had little or no association between these variables. Howevr the auther does not show clear evidence on the same and critical study in the field is highly required. In the methods of study the auther extensively talks of  Ã‚   a study conducted between april and october 2008 which was named â€Å" Effects of Pollution on Neurobehavioral Development and future Policies to Protect our children†. The study assessed different elements such as Lead, Mercury and manganese in the dlood as welll as neurocognitive functioning of children including attention and concentration together with   their general intelligence. So as to asses the childrens marternal IQ, their child developmental state, their mothers were also interviewed. The study was well formulated and carried out as mothers were   given quistionares which were to be filled on the details regarding the surrounding environment. The study had followed all the rules and regulations as it had been passed by â€Å"The Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Hospital†.   Applications had been sent to elementary children and their mothers for them to participate i n the study and 667 children accompanied by their mothers turned in. While measuring childrens cognitive functioning, students were availed with a form,   â€Å"KEDI-WISC† which consisted   vocabularly, arithmetic, picture arrangement and block design tests. The form according to the auther is validated   with Korean children to use as a determiner of global estimates of intellectual functioning. Since the examiners in the study were not aware of the children IQ, they used   â€Å"Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (K-WAIS) â€Å" to their mothers while they were measuring   martenal cognitive function. The tests on this included   pure arrangement, vocalbulary use and block design tests.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On determining phthalate metabolites in urine   in the   study   â€Å"primary metabolite of dibutylphthalate, mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), andtwo secondary metabolites of DEHP, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate (MEOHP) were used†. Urine was collected using paper cups from   all the children who were subject to the study between nine and eleven in the morning. After collection, th urine was placed in containers   â€Å"(high-clarity polypropylene Falcon tubes)† and stored at –20 °C   untill the analyzation of the . Field blanks consisted of purified water. The are then brought to room temperature and vortexed after thawing.  Ã‚   Acritical and extensive of the methods used has been well shown in the study following all steps and explanation of the procedures. At all   this study has a critical and technical approach as it takes the   reader through all the steps used in the study. While doing the statistcal analysis the study, used t-tests of the students or â€Å"(ANOVAs)† for testing continues variables and the chisquare test for categorical mvariables. A comprehensive use of   linear regression analysis was used in the study to analyse the association between â€Å"urine phthalate (MEOHP,MEHP, and MBP) concentration and WISC IQ scores†. Since the distribution of the metabolite was skewed in the sample, log-transformed values were highly used. From the variables on the analysis carried out regression models have been built. Taking th IQ score as the primary dependent variable and the urine phthalate concentrations as the primary independent variables.   A set of covariates based on the predicators childrens cognitive functioning helped to perform the regression analysis.   After this study models have been improved on the developmental socioeconomic and IQ variables. The study however does not give us clear evidence on the martenal IQ as it present models with and without   the Martenal IQ. In the study all analysis were considered important. The study in their results analyzing the relationship between environmental exposure to phthalates and children’s IQ scores show that there is a negative association between IQ and urine phthalates in humans. The study is of great significance comparing it with other studies that have been done since its the first to show the above results. It is there true to say that a child’s IQ may be affected by genetic, educational, familial and social factors.however these results may contrast with any   observed association between the line of study and the income. To help readers nunderstand this , this study tried to determine whether â€Å"phthalates were inversely associated with children’scognition independent of potential confounders†. Before the study could adjust for martenal IQ, it found inverse relationships between â€Å"MEHP, MEOHP, and the sum of secondarymetabolites for DEHP and the children’sFSIQ, VIQ, and vocabulary and block design Scores † also vocabulary score was negatively associated with MBP. This study found that maternal IQ is one of the cofounders of children’s IQ. The study also found that adjusting for a confounder that has a stronger effect than the valuable of interest can most of the time lead to underratings in the true effect of this variable. Control for maternal IQ according to the study had a great impact on the effect size of the alliance between phthalates and IQ. It may act as a confounder especially if the maternal IQ and the level of phthalates in children   have a link to each other. It is noted that MIQ might have had an influence on the childrens environmental exposure to the substances which were to be seen on th level of phthalate metabolites.  Ã‚   All in all MIQ have effects on the children IQ, therefore affecting affecting the association between child IQ and phthalate level however the study revealed that after MIQ, MEHP, MEOHP, and the sum of secondary metabolites of DEHP had been adjusted there were inverse relationships with children’s vocabulary scores. We cannot at whtsoever means say that this study provided enough evidence of a definative association between phthalates with children’s IQ indipendent of MIQ because there could be a residual confounding of matarnal IQ. The study shows that children are of special concern regarding phthalate exposure due to their neurodevelopmental state. Also if they are subjected to neurotoxic agents, there is likelyhood that they will suffer due to critical periods of vulnerability for their developing nerves. Even after birth, Neurotoxic agents could disrupt the temporal and regional emergence of critical Developmental processes. Even if this study has most of advantages, it has some disadvantages. Atleast 16 phthalene metabolites in urine can be measured but in this study only three were measured which were limited to the specifications of the study. They measured three based on availability of standard , childrens likely exposure, and technical experience of the analysis. They only used one measurement, which may not have same results as when they would have in examining the level and severity of chronic exposure. Judging from a single spot-urine measurement could have given wrong answers, as it may not reflect long term-exposure since Phthalates are rapidly metabolized and excreted. However, on phthalate measurements over time according to other different studies, there is moderate consistency. The study assumes that when multiple experiments are consistent, then a single measurement reflects a typical measurement. Another limitation is that the study did not show results of maternal levels of exposure. Also the maternal IQ had a large effect size on the associations making it not possible to tell whether the quality of the home environment and stimulation provided in the home could be   potential confounders. This article is a succes as it gives the readers a clear picture of what was carried out , the mode of study, the evidence used, materials and methods. Many of the readers would get   the objectives of the writer and accesit according to his or her expectations. However, the study has been based on many assumptions making the reader to doubt its results. I would recommend that as you read this article it is critical that you have your objective of the findings and the discussion made by the writer keeping in mind that   it has its own advantages and disadvantages.